A project for power generation from cattle dung is currently being run at the Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana.
The University has been encouraging farmers to use cattle dung for both bio gas generation and electricity production.
As a demo model the University set up a plant with a capacity of 4,500 kg (daily) cattle dung in its campus for farmers to see for themselves.
Present Power Generation
As of now the plant generates 240 KW hours of energy daily and with this a 40 KW bio gas operated generator is being run for six hours daily to produce electricity.
The electricity is being used for chaffing green fodder, machine milking, operating the fans, coolers and foggers installed inside the animal sheds.
The waste slurry obtained from the bio gas plant is used as manure for crops. The slurry is a better fertilizer than the farm yard manure for crops.
A tractor operated vacuum tank of 8,000 litre capacity removes the slurry from the unit and spreads it on the fields. This results in more green fodder yield and reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers for growing the crops.
The University
According to the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, global warming refers to the increase of the Earth
Air pollution dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutant disperse in the ambient atmosphere. It is performed with computer programs, called dispersion models, that solve the mathematical equations and algorithms which simulate the pollutant dispersion
The dispersion models are used to estimate or to predict the downwind concentration of air pollutants emitted from emission sources such as industrial plants and vehicular traffic.
Such models are important to governmental agencies tasked with protecting and managing the ambient air quality.The models are typically employed to determine whether existing or proposed new industrial facilities are or will be in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in the United States and similar standards in other nations. The models also serve to assist in the design of effective control strategies to reduce emissions of harmful air pollutants.
- The dispersion models require the input of data which includes:
- Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and direction, the amount of atmospheric turbulence (as characterized by what is referred to as the stability class), the ambient air temperature and the height to the bottom of any temperature inversion that may be present aloft.
- Emissions parameters such as source location and height, source vent stack diameter and exit velocity, exit temperature and mass flow rate.
- Terrain elevations at the source location and at the receptor location.
- The location, height and width of any obstructions (such as buildings or other structures) in the path of the gaseous emission plume.
Many of the modern, advanced dispersion modeling programs include a pre-processor module for the input of meteorological and other data, and many also include a post-processor module for graphing the output data and/or plotting the area impacted by the air pollutants on maps. Currently, the
It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living. Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of this
Freshwater resources all over the world are threatened not only by over exploitation and poor management but also by ecological degradation. The main source of freshwater pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of industrial effluent, and run-off from agricultural fields. Industrial growth, urbanization and the increasing use of synthetic organic substances have serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies. It is a generally accepted fact that the developed countries suffer from problems of chemical discharge into the water sources mainly ground water,while developing countries face problems of agricultural run-off in water sources. Polluted water like chemicals in drinking water causes problem to health and leads to water-borne diseases which can be prevented by taking measures can be taken even at the household level.
Preventive measures
In order to prevent the spread of water-borne infectious diseases, people should take adequate precautions. The city water supply should be properly checked and necessary steps taken to disinfect it. Water pipes should be regularly checked for leaks and cracks. At home, the water should be boiled, filtered, or other methods and necessary steps taken to ensure that it is free from infection
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