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Atmospheric dispersion modeling

June 26, 2015 in Blog

Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. It is performed with computer programs that solve the mathematical equations and algorithms which simulate the pollutant dispersion. The dispersion model are used to estimate or to predict the downwind concentration of air pollutants or toxins emitted from sources such as industrial plants, vehicular traffic or accidental chemical releases.

Such models are important to governmental agencies tasked with protecting and managing the ambient air quality. The models are typically employed to determine whether existing or proposed new industrial facilities are or will be in compliance with the National Ambient Air Standards (NAAQS) in the United States and other nations. The models also serve to assist in the design of effective control strategies to reduce emissions of harmful air pollutants.

Air dispersion models are also used by public safety responders and emergency management personnel for emergency planning of accidental chemical
releases. Models are used to determine the consequences of accidental releases of hazardous or toxic materials, Accidental releases may result fires, spills or explosions that involve hazardous materials, such as chemicals or radionuclides. The results of dispersion modeling, using worst case accident release terms source and meteorological conditions, can provide an estimate of location impacted areas, ambient concentrations, and be used to determine protective actions appropriate in the event a release occurs. Appropriate protective actions may include evacuation or shelter-in-place for persons in the downwind direction. At industrial facilities, this type of consequence assessment or emergency planning is required under the Clean air act (United States) (CAA) codified in part 60 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulation

The dispersion models vary depending on the mathematics used to develop the model, but all require the input of data that may include:

Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and direction, the amount of atmospheric turbulence (as characterized by what is called the

Ground Water-Surface Water Interface (GWSWI) Modeling

June 26, 2015 in Blog

Ground Water-Surface Water Interface(GWSWI)Modeling Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Ground water-surface water interface (GWSWI) represents the interconnection of ground water and surface water in the hydrologic continuum. Interactions between these two water masses result in unique gradients and/or transitions of contaminant concentration profiles, biological populations, chemistry, flow, mixing characteristics, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, organic content, and thermal properties across GWSWI.

In addition, many unique biogeochemical processes occur in this zone that can have significant impact on the fate and transport of contaminants across the GWSWI. Prediction of the distribution and concentrations of contaminants across the GWSWI is challenging, but is essential for evaluating human health and environmental risk, including remedial alternatives at contaminated sites.

The objective of this paper is to review and assess existing modeling capabilities to recognize (a) the need for development of new modeling tools, (b)

knowledge gaps, and (c) challenges required to address contaminant transport within GWSWI. Currently, the most important needs for future model development are, (a) linkage between ground water and surface water models; (b) integration of process-level models within the framework of large-scale models; and (c) understanding ground water-surface water interactions within a spatial and temporal framework.

Water is arguably the most important substance on earth. The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. The water on the earth

Air Pollution Effect : 2 Lakh Deaths per year in US

June 26, 2015 in Blog

Air Pollution : Nearly two lakh Americans die early due to air pollution, a new MIT study has claimed.

Scientists said that a person who dies from an air pollution-related cause typically dies about a decade earlier than he or she otherwise might have.

Researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Environment Facts

June 26, 2015 in Blog

Environment Facts: Get the facts on the environment in developing countries and how it affects children and their families.

  • At least 1.6 billion people globally do not have electricity in their homes, and approximately 54 percent of people in developing countries lack access to modern forms of energy.
  • More than 3 million children under age 5 die each year from diseases because of environment-related causes and conditions.
  • Each year, acute respiratory infections kill approximately 2 million children under age 5. Worldwide, 60 percent of acute respiratory infections are due to environmental conditions.
  • Diarrheal diseases take the lives of almost 2 million children each year. Eighty to 90 percent of these diseases are related to environmental conditions, specifically contaminated water and inadequate sanitation.
environment
  • Nearly 1 million people die each year because of malaria. Of these deaths, 80 percent are children under age 5 in sub-Saharan Africa. Up to 90 percent of malaria cases are attributed to environmental factors.
  • About 2.5 billion people do not have access to adequate sanitation
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